Climate Justice
Landscape Analysis

This landscape analysis identified 107 resources from 86 unique organisations working on climate justice across Oceania. The review reveals strong Indigenous leadership, diverse pathways to justice, and mature definitional discourse, whilst also highlighting critical gaps and opportunities for 350.org Australia's consultation.

What Actors Have Developed Climate Justice Plans and Pathways?

Geographic Distribution: The landscape is Australia-centred (81% of resources), with Aotearoa/New Zealand at 19% and Pacific Islands appearing in 34% of resources (though often underrepresented as standalone Pacific-led initiatives at 17%). This reflects both genuine concentration of documented work and research team limitations around language barriers and networks.

Indigenous Leadership is Central: 79% of resources (85 of 107) explicitly centre Indigenous communities and perspectives, making this the most prominent voice across the landscape. This includes 19 explicitly First Nations-led organisations plus Indigenous perspectives embedded throughout government, advocacy, legal, and community work.

A Diverse Ecosystem of Actors

Community Perspectives: Beyond Indigenous focus, significant attention to disaster-affected communities (22%), workers/just transition (21%), youth (30%), women/gender (30%), and low-income communities (22%). Critical gap: disability/vulnerable communities only 5% despite heightened vulnerability.

Mature Definitional Discourse: All 107 resources (100%) provide climate justice definitions, demonstrating sophisticated understanding. Seven main themes emerge: Indigenous rights and sovereignty (most prominent at 79%), disproportionate impacts on vulnerable communities, human rights lens, just transition for workers (21%), frontline community protection, addressing root causes and systems change, and procedural justice/participation.

Explicit Pathways: 54% of resources (58 organisations) articulate explicit pathways to climate justice. Ten main pathway approaches identified: community-led and participatory (most common), Indigenous-led solutions and sovereignty, policy reform and government action, legal reform and rights-based approaches, just transition for workers, building organisational capacity, regional advocacy and movement building, knowledge integration, place-based adaptation, and multi-stakeholder collaboration.

How Other Climate Justice Pathways Have Been Developed

The landscape review identified 23 resources with some similarity to 350 Australia's consultation approach, though most differ in scale, scope, or purpose. Five projects demonstrate substantial similarity: ELCA's Australian Bushfire and Climate Plan (hundreds of participants in online roundtables producing 165 recommendations), National First Peoples Gathering (Indigenous-led co-design at national scale), ACOSS Blueprint (extensive multi-stakeholder consultation), Ihirangi-Rauora (Māori-led hui and iwi consultation), and Taranaki 2050 (1,000+ participants in community co-design). These projects employed diverse methods — roundtables, yarning circles, hui, workshops, doorknocking, listening posts — demonstrating different strengths for reaching and engaging communities. Notably, no existing consultation spans Australia, Aotearoa, and Pacific Islands together, making 350's Oceania-wide scope genuinely novel.

Strong Areas of Consensus

These provide a foundation for 350.org's consultation:

• Those most impacted must lead responses
• Historical responsibility for emissions matters
• Fossil fuel expansion must stop
• Climate action must address existing inequalities
• Both Indigenous knowledge and Western science essential
• Mitigation and adaptation both necessary
• Just transition must protect workers
• Participatory processes essential (though consultation alone insufficient)

Innovative Approaches demonstrate what's possible: Iwi climate strategies show Indigenous governance leadership, cultural burning programmes revive traditional fire management, legal innovations like "right to equitable adaptation" create new accountability mechanisms, youth-led Pacific organising models intergenerational climate justice, and cross-sector collaboration produces comprehensive recommendations no single sector could develop alone.

Productive Tensions require navigation: immediate adaptation needs versus long-term transformation goals, working within versus transforming systems, place-based organising versus coordinated action at scale, and different community priorities with limited resources.

Critical Gaps and Opportunities

Implications for 350.org Australia's Consultation

The consultation enters a rich ecosystem with 86 organisations offering decades of experience, strong consensus on principles, and concrete pathways to learn from. The opportunity is not starting from scratch but bringing together diverse perspectives into Oceania-wide vision, something that is largely absent to date.

Unique contributions 350 can make: A truly Oceania-wide perspective bridging Australia, Aotearoa, and Pacific contexts. Meaningful integration of worker and union voices into grassroots climate justice discourse. Cross-community dialogue and solidarity-building across Indigenous communities, workers, disaster survivors, Pacific Islanders, disabled people, and youth. Concrete actionable pathways with accountability mechanisms. Centring underrepresented perspectives including disability, rural, gender, and technology justice. Space for honest dialogue about productive tensions and trade-offs.

Critical success factors: Genuine Indigenous leadership through co-design and decision-making power. Accessibility and inclusion prioritised throughout. Adequate resourcing including travel support, compensation for participation, and translation. Long-term commitment beyond a one-off consultation. Power-sharing through advisory groups with decision-making authority. Clear connection to action from the beginning.

Priority communities: First Nations and Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander peoples (foundational), disaster-affected communities, Pacific Islands communities (intentional outreach needed), workers in fossil fuel industries and regions, disability and health-vulnerable communities, and community sector organisations as implementation partners.

Key Learnings for 350 Australia

These key learnings were constructed through a collaborative review process involving volunteers and Advocacy Research Network (ARN) organisers, who analysed the documents to identify common themes and distinct approaches. Given the diverse nature of these resources — ranging from community blueprints to high-level strategy documents — interpretations of 'climate justice' and strategic goals naturally varied. In assessing the value of these consultations, our team prioritised those that produced specific, implementable outcomes over those offering only high-level aspirations. The following seven learnings represent the insights our team identified as most useful for informing 350.org Australia's future direction.

The landscape review identified very few directly comparable large-scale climate justice visioning consultations in Oceania. Most climate justice work in the region takes the form of advocacy campaigns, research outputs, or policy submissions rather than broad-based visioning consultations. This makes the 350.org Australia approach relatively novel in its scale and participatory design, particularly in seeking to engage 5,000 people across diverse communities in co-creating both a vision and pathways for climate justice.

Most Similar

Emergency Leaders for Climate Action (ELCA) & Climate Council's Australian Bushfire and Climate Plan represents one of the most directly comparable initiatives. This project brought together hundreds of participants from across the country in online roundtables to formulate 165 comprehensive recommendations. What makes ELCA particularly relevant is its methodology of engaging diverse stakeholder groups — emergency leaders, Indigenous fire practitioners, health professionals, farmers, community leaders, social service providers, economists, mayors, climate scientists, and bushfire survivors. The plan synthesised their perspectives into actionable recommendations spanning emergency management reform, Indigenous fire management expansion, building code updates, climate adaptation strategy, and health system preparedness.

The Wiyi Yani U Thangani Report by the Australian Human Rights Commission, while broader in scope than climate-specific work, demonstrates relevant consultation methodology for centring Indigenous women's voices and could inform climate justice organising approaches.

ACOSS Blueprint Framework — The Australian Council of Social Service conducted extensive consultation with the community sector, climate movement, unions, researchers, and people with lived experience of disadvantage to develop their comprehensive "Blueprint Framework for Fair, Fast and Inclusive Climate Change Action." The Blueprint's emphasis on centring disadvantaged communities and ensuring climate action reduces rather than reinforces inequality provides a model for justice-centred consultation processes.

The National First Peoples Gathering on Climate Change Report involves gathering Indigenous perspectives through comprehensive consultation processes, employing multiple engagement methods to centre Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander perspectives on climate action at national level.

Ihirangi-Rauora Indigenous Worldview Framework employed consultation with iwi leadership and national Māori bodies, testing concepts through hui and seeking input from diverse Indigenous communities. The methodology of iterative consultation and refinement could inform 350.org's engagement with First Nations peoples, demonstrating the importance of centring Indigenous sovereignty rather than treating Indigenous peoples as merely one stakeholder group among many.

Moderately Similar

Venture Taranaki — "Taranaki 2050 Roadmap" — This regional project engaged over 1,000 participants across 29 workshops through community co-design. Venture Taranaki explicitly rejected the "conventional approach" of small groups developing strategy then consulting, instead starting with a "blank sheet of paper" and having "people of Taranaki create the content through co-design process." This demonstrates successful large-scale community visioning producing a regional transformation strategy, offering valuable lessons about genuine co-design versus tokenistic consultation.

Climate Justice Taranaki — "Toitu Taranaki: 2030 Just Transition Community Strategy" — This independent community-powered process sought to amplify voices feeling unheard in official processes. The project involved community-run consultation meetings gathering input from tangata whenua, workers, farmers, and health specialists, developed through collaborative workshops and hui in 2019.

Hunter Renewal — "A community blueprint to restore the Hunter" — This regional Just Transition project conducted door-knocking of over 4,000 homes in 2016-17, hosted community dinners and workshops, and in 2021-22 engaged 130 Hunter residents including eight Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in the technical drafting and review of the Blueprint report. The approach emphasises meaningful community engagement and local empowerment in decision-making.

Others with Similar Elements

• Climate Justice Union — Uses community consultation approaches with lived experience voices and co-design methodology, but focused on specific campaigns rather than broad visioning.
• Collaboration for Impact — Conducted community consultation through interviews to understand community perspectives on climate justice, but as research rather than participatory action planning.
• Various iwi climate strategies — Several iwi including Te Arawa and Ngāi Tahu have undertaken community consultations for climate adaptation plans, demonstrating Indigenous-led consultation models within specific iwi contexts.

Example Approaches to Consultation

The table below synthesises key methodological elements across the most and moderately similar projects. This comparison highlights the variety of consultation processes that have been used, from online roundtables to doorknocking, from hui to listening posts, each with different strengths for reaching and engaging communities. Understanding these approaches and their outcomes can directly inform 350 Australia's consultation design decisions around scale, methods, participant engagement, and expected outputs.

First Nations Organisations (19 resources, 18%)

First Nations Organisations emerge as a distinct and vital category. While representing 18% of analysed resources as standalone First Nations organisations, Indigenous perspectives and leadership appear throughout 79% of all resources (85 of 107), making this the most prominent voice in the landscape. This includes multiple iwi climate strategies (Te Arawa, Ngāi Tahu), Aboriginal-led research embedded within other organisations, Indigenous fire management programmes through ELCA, and trans-Pacific Indigenous frameworks like the Yidinji Proposition spanning Australia and Pacific contexts. Explicitly First Nations-led organisations identified include:

• Bundjalung Nation
• Gunaikurnai
• Ngāi Tahu
• National First Peoples Gathering on Climate Change
• Lowitja Institute
• Yamatji Marlpa Aboriginal Corporation
• Guringai Aboriginal Corporation
• First Nations Clean Energy Network
• Ropa Woda Governance Council (Northern Territory — Roper River catchment)
• Yidinji Traditional Owners (through EAROPH Australia)
• Te Arawa

Government Processes (15 resources, 14%)

Government Processes represent government-facilitated processes that explicitly incorporate justice frameworks or meaningfully partner with affected communities, particularly First Nations peoples. Most government climate action was excluded from this analysis because it lacks explicit justice orientation. The included resources demonstrate what becomes possible when governments do centre justice:

• Auckland Council — "Te Tāruke-ā-Tāwhiri: Auckland's Climate Plan"
• WA Government — Collie's Just Transition Plan
• Kimberley Floods Plan
• Gladstone Economic Transition Roadmap
• Fiji — Planned Relocation Guidelines
• Kiribati — Climate plans
• Latrobe Valley Authority
• Don Dunstan Foundation (South Australia)
• Australian Government — First Nations Clean Energy Strategy
• Australian Human Rights Commission — Wiyi Yani U Thangani

These government processes show attempts to address worker and community impacts of climate change and energy transition, integrate Te Ao Māori perspectives, and grapple with existential climate threats through justice frameworks.

Advocacy Organisations (19 resources, 18%)

Advocacy Organisations focus on campaigns, policy change, public mobilisation, and systems transformation. These organisations use various strategies to advance climate justice, from specific policy targets like fossil fuel phase-out to building broad social movements. Note there is much cross-over with community organisations, as some of these also engage in advocacy. Examples include:

• Friends of the Earth (national and branches)
• Climate Justice Union (Western Australia)
• Australians for Native Title and Reconciliation (ANTAR)
• Emergency Leaders for Climate Action (ELCA)
• Hunter Jobs Alliance
• Pacific Islands Climate Action Network (PICAN)
• Australian Youth Climate Coalition
• Pacific Islands Students Fighting Climate Change

Legal Organisations (14 resources, 13%)

Legal Organisations represent a significant and growing force in the climate justice landscape, employing strategies ranging from strategic litigation to rights-based advocacy and legal education. The Federation of Community Legal Centres Victoria has developed sophisticated frameworks for "climate-informed legal services" that integrate climate considerations into everyday legal work on housing, employment, social security, and consumer issues. This represents a recognition that climate change affects all areas of legal practice.

• Environmental Justice Australia — Climate Justice Legal Project
• Federation of Community Legal Centres Victoria
• Community Legal Centres across jurisdictions
• Lowitja Institute — Litigation work on Indigenous climate justice
• Pacific Islands Students Fighting Climate Change

Community Organisations (12 resources, 11%)

Community Organisations emphasise grassroots organising, local action, and community-led responses. What distinguishes community organisations is their grounding in local contexts and relationships. They work directly with affected communities rather than primarily engaging with policymakers or courts. Many have deep roots in their regions and bring long-term commitment to community organising:

• East Gippsland Resilience
• Gippsland Climate Change Network
• Plan C
• Environment Centre NT (Northern Territory)
• MacKillop Family Services (disaster recovery programmes)

Academic Partnerships (10 resources, 9%)

Academic Partnerships contribute frameworks for understanding climate justice in Oceania contexts, case studies of community-led adaptation, and critical analysis of approaches. While academic papers are considered in a separate report (Climate Justice Report Part B), some academic outputs have been undertaken in collaboration or partnerships with non-academic groups to develop climate justice pathways:

• Griffith University Climate Justice Observatory
• Edith Cowan University — Climate Justice and Resilience Toolkit
• Future Earth — National strategy documents
• Don Dunstan Foundation (University of Adelaide affiliated)
• Lowitja Institute (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health research)

These academic contributors provide theoretical frameworks, evidence-based analysis, and critical perspectives, though the landscape also reveals tensions around whether research extracts from communities or genuinely serves community-defined needs.

Geographic Distribution

The geographic distribution of resources reveals both the reach of climate justice work across Oceania and significant gaps requiring attention.

Australia (87 resources, 81%) dominates the landscape, reflecting both extensive climate justice organising in Australia and the research team's greater access to Australian networks and English-language resources. Within Australia, clear state-level patterns emerge:

Victoria shows strong emphasis on legal and rights-based approaches, with the Federation of Community Legal Centres Victoria leading sophisticated development of climate justice legal frameworks including the concept of "right to equitable adaptation." Multiple universities contribute academic research, and Melbourne provides focus on urban climate justice alongside rural disaster response in regions like East Gippsland. Victoria's experience of devastating bushfires in 2019-2020 has shaped significant attention to disaster preparedness and community resilience.

Northern Territory demonstrates strong anti-extractive focus through Environment Centre NT's advocacy for ending fossil fuel extraction and implementing strong environmental laws, particularly the water trigger. The Ropa Woda Governance Council's water rights declaration for the Roper River catchment exemplifies hyper-local Indigenous-led climate justice work demanding bans on water extraction licences and mandatory Indigenous governance in water decision-making.

Western Australia centres just transition in the coal-dependent town of Collie, where comprehensive government-led planning attempts to support workers and communities through energy transition. The Climate Justice Union WA emphasises Indigenous-led organising and brings worker perspectives to broader climate justice organising, refusing false choice between jobs and environment.

New South Wales prioritises disaster response and recovery following catastrophic 2019-2020 bushfires and repeated flooding events, with particular attention to the Bundjalung Nation's response to 2022 floods demonstrating Indigenous-led recovery. The Hunter Valley features prominently in just transition discussions, with the Hunter Jobs Alliance advocating for worker-led transition planning.

South Australia demonstrates network-based approaches through the Climate Justice Network SA and Don Dunstan Foundation, with emphasis on collaboration and coalition building across movements.

Queensland features in discussions around Gladstone's economic transition from LNG and coal dependency, with government-led roadmaps attempting to navigate regional economic change.

Aotearoa/New Zealand (20 resources, 19%) presents distinct patterns shaped by Te Tiriti o Waitangi, with iwi-led initiatives predominating throughout the landscape. Multiple iwi have developed comprehensive climate strategies grounded in mātauranga Māori, positioning climate action within frameworks of kaitiakitanga (guardianship) and whakapapa (genealogical connections to tūpuna and mokopuna). Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland exemplifies bilingual, bicultural approaches to climate governance. Te Tiriti-based approaches are increasingly embedded in government processes, with iwi-council partnership models more developed than equivalent arrangements in Australia. However, significant tensions persist between Treaty rhetoric and practice, with research revealing how policies can fail when they misrecognise Māori as "stakeholders" rather than Treaty partners with inherent authority.

Pacific Islands (36 resources, 34%) appear across multiple documents but remain underrepresented as standalone Pacific-led initiatives, likely reflecting research team limitations rather than absence of climate justice work. Youth-led movements like Pacific Islands Students Fighting Climate Change demonstrate prominent Pacific youth leadership in international climate advocacy. The Yidinji Proposition represents an Indigenous-led trans-Pacific framework spanning Australia, New Zealand, and Pacific Islands, proposing specific loss and damage funding mechanisms ($4B annually from Australia, $800M from New Zealand), demonstrating how Indigenous-led frameworks can translate principles into concrete accountability measures.

A substantial majority of organisations articulate pathways, plans, or frameworks for achieving climate justice. The detailed analysis identified 57 organisations (53%) with explicit climate justice plans. These plans range from comprehensive government strategies to advocacy frameworks and practical toolkits, providing concrete examples of how climate justice moves from concept to implementation.

Significant Plans and Frameworks in the Landscape

Beyond these explicit plans, the broader analysis identified numerous resources that articulate pathways without necessarily being formal "plans": policy frameworks and submissions (Environmental Justice Australia's policy frameworks, legal advocacy for climate accountability, rights-based frameworks); campaign and advocacy roadmaps (350.org affiliates' fossil fuel phase-out strategies, renewable energy transition campaigns, community organising guides); and community guides and toolkits (Climate Justice Toolkit for engaging Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, disaster recovery and resilience guides, community adaptation planning resources). These resources collectively show that pathways to climate justice exist on a spectrum from comprehensive multi-year strategies to campaign-specific roadmaps to practical tools for specific contexts.

Indicative Variety of Plan Approaches

All 107 resources (100%) provide explicit or indirect definitions of climate justice, demonstrating the maturity of climate justice discourse in the region. The detailed analysis revealed seven main themes in how climate justice is defined, with specific examples from key organisations showing both the diversity of framings and common threads across the landscape. What emerges from this analysis is an understanding of climate justice as fundamentally multidimensional — encompassing human rights, equity, participation, Indigenous sovereignty, and systemic change — rather than any single definition. Organisations across the landscape weave together multiple dimensions of justice, recognising that distributive concerns (who bears climate impacts and benefits), procedural questions (who decides and how), recognition issues (whose voices and knowledge count), and restorative demands (addressing historical harms) must all be addressed together for genuine climate justice.

Additional Definition Themes from Broader Analysis

Intergenerational Justice explicitly considers obligations to future generations and long-term consequences of current decisions. City of Melbourne includes in their definition the goal to create a better future for present and future generations. Te Arawa Climate Change Strategy frames intergenerational responsibility through the concept of whakapapa, emphasising obligations to tūpuna (ancestors) and mokopuna (descendants).

Rights-Based Approaches use human rights frameworks for climate action, arguing climate change violates fundamental human rights. Climate Justice Observatory (Griffith University) employs a comprehensive human rights framework to track and analyse climate impacts across health equity, decent work, housing, and energy poverty. Their Observatory approach makes rights violations visible through data collection, demonstrating how human rights frameworks can shift climate action from discretionary charity to enforceable obligations.

Recognition Justice focuses on acknowledging different identities, experiences, and ways of knowing. Parsons and Crease's research on Aotearoa New Zealand climate policymaking demonstrates the critical importance of recognition justice, revealing how climate policies can fail even when they include Indigenous participation if they misrecognise Māori as stakeholders rather than Treaty partners. This goes far beyond stakeholder engagement, requiring fundamental restructuring of who has authority and whose knowledge systems shape policy frameworks.

Distributive Justice emphasises inequitable distribution of climate impacts. Friends of the Earth Australia articulates distributive justice as requiring all people have the right to an equitable share of the world's natural resources within ecological limits and redressing inequalities of wealth, power and access to the earth's resources. The Yidinji Proposition provides one of the most detailed resource redistribution frameworks, proposing a $4B annual Loss and Damages Fund from Australia and $800M from New Zealand flowing to Pacific communities.

Systems Transformation: Jones et al.'s Indigenous Climate Justice Policy Analysis Tool articulates perhaps the most comprehensive systems transformation framework in the landscape, arguing that climate justice requires dismantling colonial, capitalist, patriarchal systems and restoration of Indigenous sovereignty and decision-making institutions. This transformational approach recognises that climate change is not a technical problem requiring better policies within existing systems, but a symptom of colonial, capitalist systems that must be fundamentally transformed.

Integrated Definitions: Some organisations weave multiple justice dimensions together rather than treating them as separate concepts, recognising that genuine climate justice requires addressing multiple dimensions simultaneously. Friends of the Earth integrates distributive justice, procedural justice, recognition justice, Indigenous sovereignty, and systems change in their comprehensive climate justice framework. Their integrated approach recognises that distributive inequity cannot be addressed without procedural changes giving affected communities power, that procedural inclusion is meaningless without recognising diverse knowledge systems, that recognition requires respecting Indigenous sovereignty, and that all of this requires transforming systems perpetuating injustice.

The landscape analysis reveals significant variation in how different communities articulate and pursue climate justice, with implications for 350.org Australia's visioning consultation. All 107 resources provide community perspective data, demonstrating explicit attention to whose voices and needs are centred in climate justice work.

Key Distinctions Across Communities

The analysis reveals that different communities articulate fundamentally different framings of climate justice, reflecting distinct priorities, experiences, and relationships to power. Understanding these distinctions is crucial because 350 Australia's consultation will bring together participants from these diverse communities, each with legitimate but potentially conflicting perspectives. Rather than viewing these differences as obstacles to overcome, the consultation can treat them as productive tensions that, when navigated thoughtfully, can lead to more comprehensive and just outcomes.

Fundamental Differences in Framing: Indigenous communities centre sovereignty, cultural values, and connection to land as non-negotiable foundations, viewing climate justice as inseparable from decolonisation. Worker communities focus on economic security and ensuring working-class communities aren't sacrificed for environmental goals through just transition. Disaster-affected communities prioritise immediate adaptation and ensuring preparedness systems serve vulnerable populations. Pacific Islander communities face existential threats requiring transformational international responses beyond adaptation. Youth emphasise intergenerational justice and urgency given they'll inherit consequences. Women highlight gendered vulnerabilities and care work dimensions. Disabled and vulnerable populations need climate responses that don't create new barriers or compound existing exclusion.

Productive Tensions to Navigate: The consultation must create space for these different framings while seeking common ground. Tensions include immediate needs versus long-term transformation, place-based versus coordinated action, working within versus outside systems, different community priorities with limited resources, and balancing competing needs when communities' interests conflict (e.g., renewable energy projects creating jobs but affecting Country).

Just over half of the resources (58 resources, 54%) articulate explicit pathways or processes to climate justice within their documents. These pathways range from comprehensive multi-year strategies to specific campaign roadmaps to practical implementation frameworks, providing concrete examples of how climate justice moves from concept to action. Understanding these pathways reveals not just what organisations want to achieve, but how they propose getting there — the specific strategies, mechanisms, and interventions they advocate for transforming current unjust systems into climate-just futures.

Comparing Approaches: How Different Actors Develop Climate Justice Pathways

The three most prominent actor types in the landscape (Indigenous-led organisations, government processes, and advocacy/campaign organisations) take fundamentally different approaches to developing and pursuing climate justice pathways. These differences reflect distinct theories of change, decision-making structures, and relationships to power.

These three approaches are not mutually exclusive — indeed, the most sophisticated climate justice work often combines elements of all three. The diversity of approaches demonstrates that there is no single "correct" pathway to climate justice, but rather multiple strategies that can work in concert, each with distinct strengths and limitations.

The Ten Pathway Approaches

1. Community-Led and Participatory Approaches

   Community-led and participatory approaches emphasise bottom-up, community-controlled responses to climate change, positioning affected communities as leaders rather than subjects of climate action. This pathway rejects traditional models where governments or experts design solutions and impose them on communities, instead building community power to define problems and create solutions on their own terms.

   City of Melbourne outlines a two-phase collaborative process: Phase 1 focuses on strengthening literacy and shared understanding of climate justice; Phase 2 translates local insights into action with 5 steps: Plan, Engage, Prepare, Deliver, Iterate. Collaboration for Impact proposes collective learning systems across multiple scales and sectors, new models of sustainable and flexible community-controlled funding, collaborative governance structures that share decision-making, and recognition and compensation of community leaders. MacKillop Family Services implements disaster recovery programmes using community-led approaches in bushfire-affected regions.

2. Indigenous-Led Solutions and Sovereignty

   Indigenous-led pathways position First Nations peoples as leaders rather than stakeholders in climate responses, centring sovereignty and self-determination. This pathway argues that climate justice in Oceania is impossible without Indigenous leadership given First Peoples' inherent rights and responsibilities for Country.

   First Nations Clean Energy Network advocates for collective organising and strong representation in negotiations, community ownership and co-ownership of clean energy projects with at least 51% equity, leveraging company values and government approvals processes, and using legal rights and cultural heritage protections as negotiating tools. Their pathway emphasises that First Nations communities must control energy projects on Country, not merely benefit from them. National Native Title Council proposes community-owned renewable energy projects, co-designed engagement and negotiation processes, a national framework guaranteeing First Nations participation, capacity building and training programmes, and strategic partnerships between communities. Te Arawa Climate Strategy integrates kaitiakitanga and mātauranga Māori into climate planning processes.

3. Policy Reform and Government Action

   Policy reform pathways work through government processes to achieve climate justice through legislation, regulation, and public programmes. Organisations using this pathway argue that while grassroots action is essential, achieving climate justice at scale requires government action backed by legal authority and public resources.

   ACOSS Blueprint Framework proposes climate legislation with explicit justice provisions, emissions reduction targets aligned with equity principles, just transition policies protecting workers, social safety net strengthening, energy affordability measures, and climate-informed disaster preparedness. Emergency Leaders for Climate Action (ELCA) and Climate Council set out five specific priorities: equipping everyone with climate risk information, prioritising protection of people and places at greatest risk, supporting community-led climate change adaptation, managing natural hazards with Indigenous knowledge and practices, and ensuring post-disaster support reaches those who need it most — producing 165 detailed recommendations emerging from multi-stakeholder consultation.

4. Legal Reform and Rights-Based Approaches

   Legal and rights-based pathways use courts and legal frameworks to advance climate justice through litigation, rights advocacy, and legal education. Organisations using this pathway argue that legal systems provide alternative mechanisms for accountability when political processes fail.

   Federation of Community Legal Centres Victoria articulates a pathway through their "Continuum of Climate and Disaster Justice Maturity" progressing through three stages: Early → Developing → Transformative, covering CLC General, Service Delivery, Advocacy and Law Reform, and Operations. The Federation also proposes community legal education and targeted outreach to at-risk communities, collaborative partnerships with health and emergency management organisations, integration of climate justice into CLC governance, and piloting new service delivery models. Environmental Justice Australia employs climate litigation targeting major fossil fuel companies and projects, rights-based advocacy frameworks, and legal challenges to new fossil fuel projects.

5. Just Transition for Workers and Communities

   Just transition pathways focus on ensuring workers and communities dependent on fossil fuel industries aren't abandoned during energy transition. This pathway argues that climate justice requires protecting working-class communities from bearing costs of transition they didn't create.

   Climate Justice Union advocates for community-led policy making with redistributed decision-making power, significant increase in climate-resilient social housing, 'no wrong door' policies and peer workers in all frontline services, systemic reforms to residential tenancy and taxation systems, and ensuring no one lives below poverty line. Hunter Jobs Alliance proposes worker retraining programmes in renewable energy, union engagement in energy transition planning, regional economic diversification beyond coal, and democratic worker participation in transition governance. Collie Just Transition Plan includes economic support packages for affected workers, new industry development strategies, community economic development initiatives, skills development and retraining programmes, and regional identity transformation.

6. Building Organisational Capacity and Resilience

   This pathway focuses on strengthening community service organisations to respond to climate impacts affecting the communities they serve. Organisations providing housing assistance, legal services, family support, and disability services increasingly recognise climate change affects their work.

   Edith Cowan University's Climate Justice and Resilience Toolkit sets out a specific process through four main stages: Building Relationships, Collective Learning, Collectively Assessing, and Collective Integration. Federation of CLCs provides frameworks for building organisational literacy and leadership capacity, incorporating climate risks into governance and planning, developing disaster preparedness procedures, establishing networks with emergency services, and advocating for vulnerable community members' disaster planning needs. Jesuit Social Services implements community lawyering and place-based approaches, collaborative partnerships across sectors, organisational transformation and adaptive capacity building, and trauma-informed and culturally responsive practice.

7. Regional Advocacy and Movement Building

   This pathway emphasises connecting local struggles to broader movements and building solidarity across regions and issues.

   Environment Centre NT (with Environs Kimberley, Arid Lands Environment Centre, and Cairns and Far North Queensland Environment Centre) proposes recognising and protecting natural and cultural values with Indigenous and Western science at the heart of decision-making, enacting reforms including strong environmental laws and a water trigger for all developments, investing in locally-driven culturally-informed solutions, and building solidarity across movements. This declaration from the Australia's Great North Conference 2025 represents regional organising connecting climate justice with anti-extractive politics. Plan C advocates for grassroots organising, building people power through campaigns, and connecting climate justice to other social justice struggles.

8. Knowledge Integration and Co-Production

   Knowledge integration pathways combine Indigenous and Western knowledge systems for more effective climate responses, recognising both traditional ecological knowledge and Western climate science as necessary and valuable.

   Multiple iwi strategies demonstrate integration of mātauranga Māori and Western science in climate planning — using Māori concepts and values to understand climate change while engaging with climate science, co-producing knowledge through collaborative research, and applying traditional ecological knowledge to contemporary challenges. ELCA's approach combines Indigenous fire management knowledge with emergency management expertise, climate science, and community lived experience, producing more comprehensive and culturally appropriate responses than any single knowledge system alone.

9. Place-Based Adaptation

   Place-based pathways develop locally-specific climate responses accounting for geographic, cultural, and community differences. This approach recognises that generic national adaptation frameworks fail to address local realities.

   East Gippsland Resilience focuses on community-level adaptation planning specific to East Gippsland's bushfire risks, demonstrating that effective adaptation requires understanding local contexts — which roads flood blocking evacuation, which community members need assistance, what local resources exist. Fiji's Planned Relocation Guidelines provide frameworks for climate-induced community relocation addressing Pacific-specific challenges where entire coastal villages face displacement, emphasising community-led planning, cultural site protection, and maintaining social networks during moves. Kimberley Floods Plan addresses region-specific flooding in remote tropical contexts with vast distances, monsoonal rains, and Indigenous communities.

10. Multi-Stakeholder Collaboration and Networks

    Multi-stakeholder pathways bring together diverse actors to develop comprehensive responses no single group could create alone. This pathway recognises climate change affects multiple interconnected systems requiring integrated responses.

    ELCA's roundtable process brought together emergency leaders, Indigenous fire practitioners, health professionals, farmers, climate scientists, bushfire survivors, economists, and local government over multiple online roundtables, producing 165 comprehensive recommendations integrating diverse expertise. Climate Justice Network SA builds coalitions across environmental and social justice movements, including shared analysis and strategy development, cross-organisational campaigns, and resource sharing. Hunter Jobs Alliance demonstrates how union and environmental movement partnerships can advance both worker and climate justice, with community and worker collaboration ensuring both affected coal workers and community members shape transition planning.

Pathway Patterns and Synthesis

The ten pathways represent fundamentally different theories of change for achieving climate justice, reflecting distinct assumptions about power, change, and justice. Community-led approaches centre grassroots power and affected communities' knowledge; policy reform works within existing government systems; and legal strategies use courts to establish enforceable obligations. Indigenous-led approaches uniquely position decolonisation and Indigenous sovereignty as prerequisites for climate justice, while Just Transition pathways insist that environmental protection and worker well-being can be achieved simultaneously through democratic planning.

These pathways embody productive tensions that require navigation rather than resolution. Immediate adaptation needs often compete with long-term transformation goals that take generations to achieve. The choice between working within existing systems for incremental gains versus demanding total system transformation creates strategic dilemmas. Furthermore, limited resources force difficult trade-offs between worker support, disaster recovery, Indigenous initiatives, and services for vulnerable populations, all of which require simultaneous investment.

Critically, these pathways are not mutually exclusive, and the most sophisticated approaches effectively combine multiple strategies. Examples like the Auckland Council integrating community action with Indigenous partnership, or the Hunter Jobs Alliance employing worker organising and policy advocacy, show that successful efforts use a combination of methods. The many different examples reflect the mature understanding that climate justice demands action at multiple levels and that no single pathway is sufficient. The diversity of approaches across Oceania presents both a challenge in bridging different theories of change and an opportunity for learning from this rich ecosystem of strategies.

Comparison of Pathway Types

What This Landscape Means for the Consultation

Rich Foundation to Build Upon: The ecosystem of 107 resources analysed representing decades of thinking, organising, and lived experience provides a strong foundation rather than requiring starting from scratch. The consultation can learn from 58 organisations (54%) with explicit pathways, 86 unique organisations offering diverse perspectives, and mature climate justice discourse with all resources providing definitions and frameworks.

Diversity Requires Inclusive Approach: The range of perspectives — from 19 First Nations organisations to 19 advocacy groups, 15 government processes, 14 legal organisations, 12 community organisations, and 10 academic institutions — demonstrates consultation must engage across actor types and communities rather than focusing narrowly on traditional environmental movement. The 79% of resources centring Indigenous perspectives signals that meaningful Indigenous leadership isn't optional but foundational.

Gaps Present Opportunities for 350.org Approach:

• Pacific Islands perspectives remain underrepresented (17% despite being climate justice frontline), likely reflecting research team limitations and access barriers rather than absence of climate justice work. Intentional outreach with adequate resources for Pacific participation is essential.
• Worker and union voices are underrepresented in broader climate justice discourse (21%) compared to their prominence in formal planning documents, suggesting unions and workers need stronger presence in grassroots organising. This presents opportunity to build bridges between environmental and labour movements.
• Disability justice receives limited attention (only 5% of resources) despite heightened vulnerability to climate impacts. This oversight requires correction through targeted engagement with disabled people's organisations and ensuring consultation accessibility.
• Rural and agricultural adaptation is underemphasised relative to urban and industrial focus, despite significant climate impacts on farming communities and regional areas.
• Gender and feminist perspectives appear in 30% of resources but aren't prominent as standalone analysis. More explicit attention to gendered dimensions of climate justice could strengthen the consultation.
• Technology dimensions receive little engagement from justice perspectives — questions about who controls renewable energy technology, digital divides in climate information access, and tech sector accountability are largely absent.

These gaps aren't failures of existing work but reflect resource constraints and access barriers, pointing to where 350.org can add value through intentional, resourced outreach.

Navigate the Tensions Experienced by Others: The landscape highlights inherent tensions that make developing comprehensive climate justice plans challenging. These tensions are not problems to be solved but productive contradictions requiring thoughtful navigation. Different communities face different urgencies, operate with different theories of change, and hold different relationships to power and existing systems. The consultation will need to create space for honest dialogue about these tensions rather than papering over them:

• Immediate Adaptation Needs versus Long-Term Transformation Goals: communities facing bushfires, floods, and heat need immediate support, yet root causes require fundamental systems change.
• Working Within versus Transforming Systems: policy reform approaches work within existing systems, while decolonisation and systems transformation approaches call for fundamental restructuring.
• Place-Based Organising versus Coordinated Action at Scale: community-led approaches are essential, yet climate change requires coordinated response across regions and scales.
• Indigenous Sovereignty versus Multicultural Democracy: how does Indigenous sovereignty as First Peoples relate to democratic governance including diverse non-Indigenous communities?
• Different Community Needs with Limited Resources: how to balance worker retraining versus disaster recovery versus Indigenous sovereignty programmes versus vulnerable population support?

Build on Strong Consensus: Despite these tensions and the diversity of approaches, the analysis reveals remarkable consensus on fundamental principles providing crucial common ground:

• Those most impacted must lead responses — consistent across all actor types
• Historical responsibility for emissions matters — high per-capita emitters like Australia have greater obligations
• Fossil fuel expansion must stop — unified opposition to new coal, oil, and gas
• Climate action must address existing inequalities — not just avoid worsening them
• Indigenous knowledge and Western science should both inform responses
• Both mitigation and adaptation necessary
• Just transition must protect workers and communities
• Participatory processes essential — though consultation alone insufficient without power-sharing

Implementation Focus Critical: The landscape reveals an implementation gap — rich theoretical frameworks and comprehensive plans but limited evaluation of actual justice outcomes. 350.org's consultation should emphasise concrete, actionable pathways with clear indicators, pushing beyond aspiration to accountability. Questions like "how will we know if this pathway advances justice?" and "who benefits and who bears costs?" must feature prominently.

Gaps This Consultation Could Address

Communities and Perspectives to Prioritise

1. First Nations and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples — Foundational

   Must be meaningfully centred with appropriate consultation protocols (adequate time, cultural protocols, proper compensation), recognition of sovereignty and self-determination (not stakeholder status but Treaty partners and rights-holders), engagement with multiple Indigenous voices (recognising diversity across nations, language groups, and regions), Treaty implications considered seriously (particularly in Victoria and nationally), and Free Prior and Informed Consent principles applied (right to say no, not just be consulted). Given 79% of landscape resources centre Indigenous perspectives, this isn't inclusion but foundational orientation.

2. Disaster-Affected Communities

   Bring lived experience grounding theoretical frameworks. Consultation should engage bushfire survivors (particularly from 2019-2020 Black Summer and subsequent fires), flood-affected communities (including recent NSW and Queensland flooding), heat-affected urban communities (Western Sydney, outer suburbs with minimal tree cover), and coastal communities facing sea-level rise (Torres Strait, Pacific Islands, low-lying areas). Their knowledge of what actually works — and what fails — during disasters is irreplaceable.

3. Pacific Islands Communities

   Critical frontline perspectives requiring intentional engagement addressing access and language barriers (translation, travel support, technology access), partnering with Pacific networks (PICAN, Pacific Islands Students Fighting Climate Change, national networks), considering separate consultation streams if needed (Pacific-specific sessions respecting distinct contexts), addressing power dynamics (Australian organisation consulting Pacific peoples requires careful attention to colonial patterns), and centring Pacific youth voices. The 17% representation in landscape likely reflects research limitations, not absence of work — 350.org can help bridge this gap.

4. Workers in Fossil Fuel Industries and Regions

   Essential for just transition authenticity. Consultation should meaningfully engage Hunter Valley coal miners and communities, Queensland coal regions (Bowen Basin, Darling Downs), Western Australian gas and mining workers, Collie and Latrobe Valley communities facing closures, and union members and organised labour across industries. Workers must be engaged as leaders and decision-makers, not subjects of transition planning. The gap between worker focus in formal plans versus broader discourse signals opportunity to bridge environmental and labour movements.

5. Disability and Health-Vulnerable Communities

   Addressing critical underrepresentation. Only 5% of landscape resources explicitly address disability despite heightened vulnerability — this must be corrected through targeted outreach to disabled people's organisations (ensuring they lead, not just participate), elderly and aged care sector, people experiencing homelessness (extreme vulnerability with minimal resources), and chronic health condition communities (medication access, medical equipment needs during disasters). Critically, consultation processes themselves must be accessible (physical access, Auslan interpretation, easy read materials, flexible participation options).

6. Community Sector Organisations as Implementation Partners

   Legal centres (climate-informed services across housing, employment, social security), social services (family support, mental health, housing, youth services), health organisations (understanding climate health impacts), and housing and homelessness services (addressing climate vulnerability of housing-insecure people) must be engaged as they'll operationalise climate justice in daily practice.

Critical Success Factors

• 🌿

  Genuine Indigenous Leadership

  Not consultation but co-design and decision-making power. Treaty-based partnerships in Victoria and nationally. Adequate resourcing and time respecting Indigenous protocols. Multiple Indigenous voices recognising diversity. FPIC principles throughout. This aligns with landscape consensus that those most impacted must lead and that Indigenous knowledge must inform responses.

• ♿

  Accessibility and Inclusion

  Physical accessibility, Auslan interpretation, easy read materials. Translation for non-English speakers. Childcare, transport, and meals provided. Compensation for participation time. Flexible formats (online, in-person, written submissions). Trauma-informed approaches. This addresses the disability justice gap (5%) by ensuring consultation itself models justice.

• 💰

  Adequate Resourcing

  Communities can't participate meaningfully without resources. Budget for travel (particularly Pacific communities), compensation for community leaders' time, translation and interpretation, accessible venues and materials, childcare and support needs, and capacity building for less-resourced communities. Participatory processes require investment, not just invitation.

• 🔄

  Long-Term Commitment

  Consultation isn't a one-off event but relationship-building over time. Multiple engagement opportunities allowing participation when it works for communities. Follow-through on commitments made. Transparency about how input shapes outcomes. Ongoing relationships beyond initial consultation. This addresses the implementation gap by building accountability from the start.

• 🤝

  Power-Sharing

  Not extractive consultation but genuine power-sharing in shaping consultation process, deciding priorities, determining how findings are used, and holding 350.org accountable to commitments. Advisory groups need decision-making power, not just advisory status. This operationalises the consensus that those most impacted must lead responses.

• 📍

  Connection to Action

  Clear pathways from consultation to implementation. Specificity about how findings will shape 350.org's work. Accountability mechanisms for following through. Support for community-led initiatives emerging from consultation. Resources committed to implementation, not just consultation. This addresses the gap between rich plans and limited evaluation of justice outcomes.

Conclusion

The consultation can build unique contribution by bringing diverse perspectives together in a participatory visioning process that has been largely absent from Oceania climate justice work to date. Success requires genuine power-sharing, adequate resourcing, Indigenous leadership, accessibility, cross-community dialogue, and long-term commitment beyond initial consultation to implementation and accountability.

This landscape analysis was conducted between August and October 2025 as part of 350.org Australia's 5,000-person consultation on climate justice visioning. The review focused on identifying resources, actors, definitions, and pathways related to climate justice in Oceania. The landscape analysis was conducted through three primary steps:

1. Database Creation

   Online searching to build a comprehensive database of relevant resources across Oceania.

2. Volunteer Research and Analysis

   Collaborative review process involving volunteers and Advocacy Research Network (ARN) organisers, who analysed the documents to identify common themes and distinct approaches.

3. Automated Thematic Analysis

   Automated thematic analysis using Claude API to identify patterns across the full body of resources.

Inclusion Criteria: The review focused on resources with geographic scope covering Oceania (Australia, Aotearoa/New Zealand, Pacific Islands), with explicit or implicit focus on climate justice. Resources were included if produced by communities, advocacy groups, academic institutions, legal bodies, or government processes that incorporate justice frameworks, with emphasis on work from the last 5–10 years.

Database Access

The complete database of all 94 resources with detailed information about each organisation is available in the Excel file P8 Database w resources identified.xlsx. This database includes organisation names, website links, descriptions, geographic and community focus, climate issues addressed, presence of definitions and pathways, and key takeaways from each resource.

• All resources reviewed in this report are available in the following Google Drive (click on this link to request access).
• The analysis results database is available by clicking here. Alternatively email advocacyresearch@protonmail.org to be shared into the folder and/or database.

Existing Resources That Could Inform 350.org's Process

Consultation Methodology Models

• ELCA Australian Bushfire and Climate Plan (multi-stakeholder roundtables bringing together diverse expertise)
• ACOSS Blueprint Framework (consultation with community sector and people with lived experience)
• Ihirangi Rauora Framework (Indigenous consultation methodology centring mātauranga Māori)
• National First Peoples Gathering (national-scale Indigenous climate consultation)
• City of Melbourne's community-led approach (two-phase process with iterative engagement)

Frameworks and Toolkits

• Federation CLCs Climate Justice Field Guide (practical frameworks for climate-informed work)
• Edith Cowan University Toolkit (four-stage process adaptable for consultation)
• Climate Justice Toolkit for Engaging Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples
• ACOSS materials on engaging people with lived experience of disadvantage

Academic Analysis

• Research by Meg Parsons and Rhys Jones (recognition justice and Treaty partnerships)
• Friends of the Earth climate justice framework (integrated justice dimensions)
• Commons Social Change Library (six framings of climate justice)
• Climate Justice Observatory approaches (tracking justice outcomes)

Existing Plans to Learn From

• Auckland Council's participatory planning and iwi partnerships
• Multiple iwi climate strategies (Te Arawa, Ngāi Tahu demonstrating Indigenous-led approaches)
• Just transition experiences from Collie, Gladstone, Hunter Valley (what works and what doesn't)
• ELCA's 165 recommendations (showing how consultation produces concrete outputs)

Potential Collaborators or Advisors

Indigenous Organisations and Iwi

• First Nations Clean Energy Network
• Te Arawa, Ngāi Tahu, and other iwi with climate strategies
• National Native Title Council
• Lowitja Institute
• Regional Indigenous organisations (Yamatji Marlpa, Guringai, Bundjalung Nation)

Environmental Justice Organisations

• Federation of Community Legal Centres Victoria
• Environmental Justice Australia
• Friends of the Earth (national and branches)
• Climate Justice Union
• Plan C and other grassroots groups

Academic Researchers

• Meg Parsons and Rhys Jones (recognition justice, Treaty partnerships)
• Griffith Climate Justice Observatory
• Edith Cowan University (toolkit developers)
• Future Earth networks

Worker and Union Organisations

• Hunter Jobs Alliance (worker-led just transition model)
• Climate Justice Union (environmental-labour alliance)
• Unions in fossil fuel industries (CFMEU, unions representing power workers)
• ACTU (if engaging at national level)

Pacific Networks

• Pacific Islands Climate Action Network (PICAN)
• Pacific Islands Students Fighting Climate Change
• National Pacific Island networks in Australia
• Fiji, Kiribati, and other Pacific Island government climate units

Community Sector Peak Bodies

• ACOSS (social services sector expertise)
• State-level peak bodies (VCOSS, NCOSS, etc.)
• Sector-specific networks (homelessness, disability, aged care)
• Jesuit Social Services and similar organisations bridging climate and social justice

Disaster and Emergency Networks

• Emergency Leaders for Climate Action (ELCA)
• East Gippsland Resilience and similar community organisations
• SES and emergency services engaging on climate adaptation

Full List of Resources

• Auckland Council. (2024). Te Tāruke-ā-Tāwhiri Auckland's Climate Plan Progress Snapshot 2024. aucklandcouncil.govt.nz
• Australian Council of Social Service (ACOSS). (2024). Blueprint Framework for Fair, Fast and Inclusive Climate Change Action. nationbuilder.com
• Australian Council of Social Service (ACOSS) and Brotherhood of St Laurence (BSL). (2018). Tackling Climate Change and Energy Affordability for Low-Income Households. bsl.org.au
• Australian Government Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water. (2024). First Nations Clean Energy Strategy 2024-2030. energy.gov.au
• Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute Limited (AHURI). (2020). Warm, Cool and Energy Affordable Housing Policy Solutions. ahuri.edu.au
• Australian Human Rights Commission. (2020). Wiyi Yani U Thangani What Women Say Securing Our Rights, Securing Our Future Report 2020. humanrights.gov.au
• Australians for Native Title and Reconciliation. (2024). ANTAR Annual Report 2024. antar.org.au
• Australians for Native Title and Reconciliation. (2025). ANTAR Climate Justice Hub Website. antar.org.au
• Bundjalung Nation. (2022). A Bundjalung Nation Response NSW Flood Inquiry July 2022. nespclimate.com.au
• City of Melbourne. (2023). A Community-Led Approach to Climate Justice. carbonneutralcities.org
• Climate Action Network. (2021). Fairer futures financing global climate solutions. oxfam.org.au
• Climate Council and Emergency Leaders for Climate Action. (2021). First Nations Climate Justice Panel. emergencyleadersforclimateaction.org.au
• Climate Justice Observatory. (No date). Cruel Summer Climate Injustice in Australia. climatejusticeobservatory.com.au
• Climate Justice Taranaki. (2021). Toitu Taranaki 2030 A Community Powered Strategy for a Fast and Just Carbon Neutral Transition. climatejusticetaranaki.info
• Climate Justice Union (CJU). (No date). Climate Justice Union Website. climatejusticeunion.org
• Climate Justice Union (CJU). (No date). Guide to Working with People with Lived Experience. climatejusticeunion.org
• Climate Justice Union (CJU). (No date). Systemic Advocacy And Collective Care Youth Program Report. climatejusticeunion.org
• Collaboration for Impact. (No date). Community-led Responses to Climate Change Discovering conditions for equity and social justice. cfi.org.au
• Don Dunstan Foundation. (No date). Don Dunstan Foundation Climate Justice Website. dunstan.org.au
• Dylan Ferguson. (2024). Navigating Economic Transition The Hunter Jobs Alliance. ppesydney.net
• Earth Systems and Climate Change Hub. (2021). National First Peoples Gathering on Climate Change Report. nespclimate.com.au
• Eastern Regional Organisation for Planning & Housing Australia. (2023). The Yidinji Proposition for Climate Justice in the Pacific Region. earophaustralia.com
• Edith Cowan University. (2024). Climate Justice Union Homelessness and Poverty and Climate Change. climatejusticetoolkit.org.au
• Edith Cowan University. (No date). Climate Justice and Resilience Toolkit. climatejusticetoolkit.org.au
• Emergency Leaders for Climate Action (ELCA) and the Climate Council. (2024). Too Close to Home Australian Bushfire and Climate Plan. climatecouncil.org.au
• Emergency Leaders for Climate Action (ELCA) and the Climate Council of Australia. (2020). Australian Bushfire and Climate Plan. emergencyleadersforclimateaction.org.au
• Environment Centre NT. (2025). Australia's Great North Conference Declaration 2025. ecnt.org.au
• Environmental Justice Australia. (2024). Climate Hotbeds Extreme heat in social housing. envirojustice.org.au
• Environmental Justice Australia Website. (No date). Environmental Justice Australia Website. envirojustice.org.au
• Federation of Community Legal Centres. (2023). Climate Change Impacts on Access to Justice. nationbuilder.com
• Federation of Community Legal Centres. (2024). Rights to Equitable Adaptation Research Report. nationbuilder.com
• Federation of Community Legal Centres. (2024). Right to Equitable Adaptation Briefing Paper. nationbuilder.com
• Federation of Community Legal Centres. (No date). Climate Justice Theory of Change. fclc.org.au
• Federation of Community Legal Centres. (No date). Extreme Heat and Human Rights Research Report. nationbuilder.com
• Federation of Community Legal Centres Victoria. (2023). Climate Change Impacts on Access to Justice Literature Review. nationbuilder.com
• Federation of Community Legal Centres Victoria. (2025). Climate Justice Field Guide for Community Legal Centres. nationbuilder.com
• Federation of Community Legal Centres Victoria. (No date). Climate Justice Field Guide Toolbox — Adaptive Capacity Checklist. nationbuilder.com
• Federation of Community Legal Centres Victoria. (No date). Climate Justice Field Guide Toolbox — Disaster Plan Guide Extended. nationbuilder.com
• Federation of Community Legal Centres Victoria. (No date). Climate Justice Field Guide Toolbox — Disaster Response Summary. nationbuilder.com
• Federation of Community Legal Centres Victoria. (No date). Climate Justice Field Guide Toolbox — Legal Health Checklist. nationbuilder.com
• Federation of Community Legal Centres Victoria. (No date). Climate Justice Field Guide Toolbox — Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning Table. nationbuilder.com
• Federation of Community Legal Centres Victoria. (No date). Climate Justice Field Guide Toolbox — People and Culture. nationbuilder.com
• First Nations Clean Energy Network. (2022). Best Practice Principles for Clean Energy Projects. nationbuilder.com
• First Nations Clean Energy Network. (2022). Clean Energy Negotiations Guide for First Nations. nationbuilder.com
• First Nations Clean Energy Network. (2022). Renewable Energy Project Development Guide. nationbuilder.com
• First Nations Clean Energy Network. (2023). Principles for Businesses and Investors. nationbuilder.com
• First Nations Clean Energy Network. (2024). Community Energy Planning Toolkit. nationbuilder.com
• First Nations Clean Energy Network. (2024). Leading Practice Principles First Nations and Renewable Energy Projects. cleanenergycouncil.org.au
• First Nations Clean Energy Network. (2025). First Nations Clean Energy Symposium. nationbuilder.com
• Friends of the Earth Australia. (2006). Climate Justice Primer. nationbuilder.com
• Friends of the Earth Australia. (No date). Friends of the Earth Climate Justice Webpage. foe.org.au
• Friends of the Earth Melbourne. (No date). Friends of the Earth Melbourne Climate Justice Vision. melbournefoe.org.au
• Future Earth Australia. (2022). Accelerating Sustainability Through Science, Impact and Engagement 2022-2025. futureearth.org.au
• Future Earth Australia. (2022). A National Strategy for Just Adaptation. futureearth.org.au
• Government of Kiribati. (2019). Kiribati Climate Change Policy. president.gov.ki
• Government of Vanuatu. (2018). Vanuatu National Policy on Climate Change and Disaster-Induced Displacement. iom.int
• Government of Vanuatu. (2025). Vanuatu Loss and Damage Policy with an Implementation Roadmap. drive.google.com
• Government of Victoria. (2023). Gippsland 2035 Transition Plan. rdv.vic.gov.au
• Government of Western Australia. (2023). Climate Adaptation Strategy — Building WA's climate resilient future. wa.gov.au
• Government of the Republic of Kiribati. (2020). Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management 2019-2028. unfccc.int
• Gulliver, R., Vachette, A., & Boddington, S. (2023). How Australian Environmental NGOs Frame and Enact Climate Justice. nature.com
• Gunaikurnai Land and Waters Aboriginal Corporation. (2015). Gunaikurnai Whole of Country Plan. gunaikurnai.org
• Gunaikurnai Land and Waters Aboriginal Corporation. (2025). Empowering Aboriginal People in the Renewable Energy Transition — A Policy Framework for NSW. guringai.org
• Gunaikurnai Land and Waters Aboriginal Corporation. (No date). Policy Matters Gunaikurnai Land and Waters Aboriginal Corporation. gunaikurnai.org
• Hauraki Gulf Marine Park. (2017). Sea Change Tai Timu Tai Pari Hauraki Gulf Marine Spatial Plan. knowledgeauckland.org.nz
• Hunter Renewal. (2021). Future-proofing the Hunter — Voices from our community. hunterjobsalliance.org.au
• Hunter Renewal. (2023). A community blueprint to restore the Hunter. nationbuilder.com
• Ihirangi Ministry for the Environment New Zealand. (2022). Ihirangi Rauora — Exploring an Indigenous Worldview Framework for the National Climate Change Adaptation Plan. environment.govt.nz
• Jesuit Social Services. (2022). Place-Based Approaches Part 1 — A Review of the Literature. jss.org.au
• Jesuit Social Services. (2022). Place-Based Approaches Part 2 — A Review of Practice. jss.org.au
• Jesuit Social Services and the Centre for Just Places. (2024). Climate Justice Resource Pack 2024. jss.org.au
• Jones, R., Rid, P., & Macmillan, A. (2024). An Indigenous Climate Justice Policy Analysis Tool. tandfonline.com
• Kotahitanga mō te Taiao Alliance. (2019). Kotahitanga mo te Taiao Strategy. nature.org
• Lowitja Institute. (2023). Climate Change and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health. lowitja.org.au
• Lowitja Institute. (2025). Indigenous-Led, Rights-Based Approaches to Climate Litigation — A Discussion Paper. lowitja.org.au
• MacKillop Family Services. (2024). East Gippsland Resilience Project Evaluation Report. scu.edu.au
• Make Big Polluters Pay Alliance. (2025). Making coal, oil and gas corporations in Australia pay their fair share. oxfam.org.au
• National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation. (2025). National Health and Climate Strategy. naccho.org.au
• Ngai Tahu. (2018). Ngai Tahu Climate Change Strategy. ngaitahu.iwi.nz
• Ngai Tahu. (2020). Te Kounga Paparangi Climate Action Plan. ngaitahu.iwi.nz
• NSW Government. (No date). How Northern Rivers Living Lab is breathing new life into flood resilience. nsw.gov.au
• Oxfam Australia. (2020). Australia's Energy Future and the Recovery from Covid-19. oxfam.org.au
• Oxfam Australia. (2022). Falling short — Australia's role in funding fairer climate action in a warming world. oxfam.org.au
• Oxfam Australia. (2023). Climate Equality — A Planet for the 99%. openrepository.com
• Oxfam Australia. (2023). Climate Inequality in Oceania. oxfam.org.au
• Oxfam Australia. (2023). Embedding equality in the new loss and damage fund Part 1. oxfam.org.au
• Oxfam Australia. (2023). Embedding equality in the new loss and damage fund Part 2. oxfam.org.au
• Oxfam Australia. (2023). If you break it, fix it — Australia's global obligations for a just climate transition. oxfam.org.au
• Oxfam Australia. (2024). Carbon Inequality Kills. openrepository.com
• Oxfam Australia. (2024). Seizing the moment — A new climate finance goal that delivers for the Pacific. actionaid.org.au
• Oxfam Australia. (2025). Powering Up Potential. oxfam.org.au
• Oxfam Australia. (No date). Oxfam Climate Justice Information. oxfam.org.au
• Pacific Islands Climate Action Network. (2024). Pacific Climate Justice Demands 2024. PICAN
• Pacific Islands Climate Action Network. (2025). Pacific Climate Justice Demands 2025. Google Docs
• Parsons, M., & Crease, R. (2024). Indigenous Climate Justice in Aotearoa New Zealand — The Dangers of Mis-recognition within Climate Policymaking. tandfonline.com
• Plan International. (2024). Pacific Girls in a Changing Climate. plan.org.au
• Plan International. (2025). Financing Survival — Australia's New Climate Finance Goal and the Global Just Transition. plan.org.au
• Republic of Fiji. (2022). Planned Relocation Guidelines — A Framework to Undertake Climate Change Related Relocation. fijiclimatechangeportal.gov.fj
• Ropa Woda Governance Council. (No date). Ropa Woda Governance Council Water Rights Declaration. territoryrivers.org.au
• Sustainable Communities South Australia. (No date). Climate Justice Network Sustainable Communities SA Website. sustainablecommunitiessa.org.au
• Te Arawa Climate Change Working Group. (2021). Te Arawa Climate Change Strategy. tearawa.io
• Te Tai Tokerau Climate Adaptation Committee. (2022). Te Tai Tokerau Climate Adaptation Strategy. coastalrestorationtrust.org.nz
• The Government of Western Australia. (2020). Collie's Just Transition Plan. wa.gov.au
• The Next Economy. (2022). Gladstone Economic Transition Roadmap. nexteconomy.com.au
• UNSW Sydney. (No date). Climate Justice Project Website. climatejustice.co
• Venture Taranaki. (2019). Taranaki 2050 Roadmap. taranaki.co.nz
• Western Australian Government (Department of Fire and Emergency Services). (2023). Kimberley Floods State Recovery and Resilience Plan 2023-2024. website-files.com
• Yamatji Marlpa Aboriginal Corporation. (No date). Yamatji Marlpa Aboriginal Corporation Pilbara Solar. ymac.org.au